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Anonymous function

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In <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, an anonymous function (function literal, expression or block) is a <a href="Function_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computer science)">function</a> definition that is not <a href="Name_binding" title="Name binding">bound</a> to an <a href="Name_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Name (computer science)">identifier</a>. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function. Anonymous functions are ubiquitous in <a href="Functional_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional programming language">functional programming languages</a> and other languages with <a href="First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a>, where they fulfil the same role for the <a href="Function_type" title="Function type">function type</a> as <a href="Literal_(computer_programming)" title="Literal (computer programming)">literals</a> do for other <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a>.

Anonymous functions originate in the work of <a href="Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a> in his invention of the <a href="Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>, in which all functions are anonymous, in 1936, before electronic computers.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In several programming languages, anonymous functions are introduced using the keyword lambda, and anonymous functions are often referred to as lambdas or lambda abstractions. Anonymous functions have been a feature of <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> since <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> in 1958, and a growing number of modern programming languages support anonymous functions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div>

The names "lambda abstraction", "lambda function", and "lambda expression" refer to the notation of function abstraction in lambda calculus, where the usual function f(x) = M would be written (λx.M), and where M is an expression that uses x. Compare to the Python syntax of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">lambda x: M</code>.

The name "arrow function" refers to the mathematical "<a href="Maplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maplet">maps to</a>" symbol, x ↦ M. Compare to the JavaScript syntax of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-js mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">x => M</code>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

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Anonymous functions can encapsulate functionality that does not require naming and is intended for short-term or localized use. Some notable examples include <a href="Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a> and <a href="Currying" title="Currying">currying</a>.

The use of anonymous functions is a matter of style. Using them is never the only way to solve a problem; each anonymous function could instead be defined as a named function and called by name. Anonymous functions often provide a briefer notation than defining named functions. In languages that do not permit the definition of named functions in local scopes, anonymous functions may provide encapsulation via localized scope, however the code in the body of such anonymous function may not be re-usable, or amenable to separate testing. Short/simple anonymous functions used in expressions may be easier to read and understand than separately defined named functions, though lacking a <a href="Naming_convention_(programming)" title="Naming convention (programming)">descriptive name</a> may reduce code readability.

In some programming languages, anonymous functions are commonly implemented for very specific purposes such as binding events to callbacks or instantiating the function for particular values, which may be more efficient in a <a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic programming language</a>, more readable, and less error-prone than calling a named function.

The following examples are written in Python 3.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorting">Sorting</h3></div>

When attempting to sort in a non-standard way, it may be easier to contain the sorting logic as an anonymous function instead of creating a named function.

Most languages provide a generic sort function that implements a <a href="Sort_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sort algorithm">sort algorithm</a> that will sort arbitrary objects.

This function usually accepts an arbitrary function that determines how to compare whether two elements are equal or if one is greater or less than the other.

Consider this Python code sorting a list of strings by length of the string:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> a = ['house', 'car', 'bike']

>>> a.sort(key=lambda x: len(x))

>>> a

['car', 'bike', 'house']

</pre></div>

The anonymous function in this example is the lambda expression:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>lambda x: len(x)

</pre></div>

The anonymous function accepts one argument, <code>x</code>, and returns the length of its argument, which is then used by the <code>sort()</code> method as the criteria for sorting.

Basic syntax of a lambda function in Python is

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>lambda arg1, arg2, arg3, ...: <operation on the arguments returning a value>

</pre></div>

The expression returned by the lambda function can be assigned to a variable and used in the code at multiple places.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> add = lambda a: a + a

>>> add(20)

40

</pre></div>

Another example would be sorting items in a list by the name of their class (in Python, everything has a class):

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> a = [10, 'number', 11.2]

>>> a.sort(key=lambda x: x.__class__.__name__)

>>> a

[11.2, 10, 'number']

</pre></div>

Note that <code>11.2</code> has class name "<code>float</code>", <code>10</code> has class name "<code>int</code>", and <code>'number'</code> has class name "<code>str</code>". The sorted order is "<code>float</code>", "<code>int</code>", then "<code>str</code>".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closures">Closures</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">Closure (computer programming)</a></div>

Closures are functions evaluated in an environment containing <a href="Bound_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound variable">bound variables</a>. The following example binds the variable "threshold" within an anonymous function that compares input values to this threshold.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def comp(threshold):

return lambda x: x < threshold

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This can be used as a sort of generator of comparison functions:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> func_a = comp(10)

>>> func_b = comp(20)

>>> print(func_a(5), func_a(8), func_a(13), func_a(21))

True True False False

>>> print(func_b(5), func_b(8), func_b(13), func_b(21))

True True True False

</pre></div>

It would be impractical to create a function for every possible comparison function and may be too inconvenient to keep the threshold around for further use. Regardless of the reason why a closure is used, the anonymous function is the entity that contains the functionality that does the comparing.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currying">Currying</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Currying" title="Currying">currying</a></div>

Currying transforms a function that takes multiple arguments into a sequence of functions each accepting a single argument. In this example, a function that performs <a href="Integer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Integer division">division</a> by any integer is transformed into one that performs division by a set integer.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> def divide(x, y):

... return x / y

>>> def divisor(d):

... return lambda x: divide(x, d)

>>> half = divisor(2)

>>> third = divisor(3)

>>> print(half(32), third(32))

16.0 10.666666666666666

>>> print(half(40), third(40))

20.0 13.333333333333334

</pre></div>

While the use of anonymous functions is perhaps not common with currying, it still can be used. In the above example, the function divisor generates functions with a specified divisor. The functions half and third curry the divide function with a fixed divisor.

The divisor function also forms a closure by binding the variable <code>d</code>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher-order_functions">Higher-order functions</h3></div>

A <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order function</a> is a function that takes a function as an argument or returns one as a result. This technique is frequently employed to tailor the behavior of a generically defined function, such as a loop or recursion pattern. Anonymous functions are a convenient way to specify such function arguments. The following examples are in Python 3.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Map_(higher-order_function)" title="Map (higher-order function)">Map (higher-order function)</a></div>

The map function performs a function call on each element of a list. The following example <a href="Square_(algebra)" title="Square (algebra)">squares</a> every element in an array with an anonymous function.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> list(map(lambda x: x * x, a))

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]

</pre></div>

The anonymous function takes an argument and returns its square. The above form is discouraged by the creators of the language, who maintain that the form presented below has the same meaning and is more aligned with the philosophy of the language:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> [x * x for x in a]

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filter">Filter</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Filter_(higher-order_function)" title="Filter (higher-order function)">Filter (higher-order function)</a></div>

The filter function returns all elements from a list that evaluate True when passed to a certain function.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, a))

[2, 4, 6]

</pre></div>

The anonymous function checks if the argument passed to it is even. The same as with map, the form below is considered more appropriate:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> [x for x in a if x % 2 == 0]

[2, 4, 6]

</pre></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fold_(higher-order_function)" title="Fold (higher-order function)">Fold (higher-order function)</a></div>

A fold function runs over all elements in a structure (for lists usually left-to-right, a "left fold", called <code>reduce</code> in Python), accumulating a value as it goes. This can be used to combine all elements of a structure into one value, for example:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>>>> from functools import reduce

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, a)

120

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This performs

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(\left(\left(1\times 2\right)\times 3\right)\times 4\right)\times 5=120.}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./669852536413e995d8ea3b87780f33f5d526f211.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.834ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(\left(\left(1\times 2\right)\times 3\right)\times 4\right)\times 5=120.}" loading="lazy"></dd></dl>

The anonymous function here is the multiplication of the two arguments.

A fold does not necessarily produce a single scalar value; it can also generate structured results such as lists. Instead, both map and filter can be created using fold. In map, the value that is accumulated is a new list, containing the results of applying a function to each element of the original list. In filter, the value that is accumulated is a new list containing only those elements that match the given condition.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_languages">List of languages</h2></div>

The following is a list of <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> that support unnamed anonymous functions fully, or partly as some variant, or not at all.

The following table illustrates several common patterns. Notably, languages like <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, and <a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>—which traditionally do not support anonymous functions—are all <a href="Statically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically typed">statically typed</a> languages. However, statically typed languages can support anonymous functions. For example, the <a href="ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> languages are statically typed and fundamentally include anonymous functions, and <a href="Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a>, a dialect of <a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>, has been extended to support anonymous functions, as has <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> (by the <a href="C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> standard). Second, the languages that treat functions as <a href="First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a> (<a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>, <a href="Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>) generally have anonymous function support so that functions can be defined and passed around as easily as other data types.

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<caption>List of languages

</caption>

<th>Language</th>

<th>Support</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Y

</td>

<td>Expression functions are a part of Ada2012, access-to-subprogram<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Dyalog, ngn and dzaima APL fully support both dfns and tacit functions. GNU APL has rather limited support for dfns.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly languages</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Since AutoHotkey V2 anonymous functions are supported with a syntax similar to JavaScript.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Y

</td>

<td>A library has been made to support anonymous functions in Bash.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>Support is provided in <a href="Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> and along with the <a href="LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> compiler-rt lib. GCC support is given for a macro implementation which enables the possibility of use. See <a href="#Examples_of_anonymous_functions">below</a> for more details.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>As of the <a href="C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> standard

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>As of <a href="Railo" title="Railo">Railo</a> 4,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="ColdFusion" class="mw-redirect" title="ColdFusion">ColdFusion</a> 10<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td><a href="Micro_Focus" title="Micro Focus">Micro Focus</a>'s non-standard Managed COBOL dialect supports lambdas, which are called anonymous delegates/methods.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Excel worksheet function, 2021 beta release<a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Excel_Blog_2021-01-25-19">[19]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Factor_(programming_language)" title="Factor (programming language)">Factor</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>"Quotations" support this<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Frink_(programming_language)" title="Frink (programming language)">Frink</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Supported since <a href="Java_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Java 8">Java 8</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Logtalk" title="Logtalk">Logtalk</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MUMPS_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="MUMPS (programming language)">MUMPS</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Maxima_(software)" title="Maxima (software)">Maxima</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">Octave</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Y

</td>

<td>Delphi, a dialect of Object Pascal, supports anonymous functions (formally, anonymous methods) natively since Delphi 2009. The <a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a> Object Pascal dialect also supports them.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> (Mac OS X 10.6+)

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Called <a href="Blocks_(C_language_extension)" title="Blocks (C language extension)">blocks</a>; in addition to Objective-C, blocks can also be used on C and C++ when programming on Apple's platform.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OpenSCAD" title="OpenSCAD">OpenSCAD</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Function Literal support was introduced with version 2021.01.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>As of PHP 5.3.0, true anonymous functions are supported.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Formerly, only partial anonymous functions were supported, which worked much like C#'s implementation.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Y

</td>

<td>Python supports anonymous functions through the lambda syntax,<a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[40]</a> which supports only expressions, not statements.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Ruby's anonymous functions, inherited from <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, are called <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)#Blocks_and_iterators" title="Ruby (programming language)">blocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-43">[43]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Smalltalk's anonymous functions are called <a href="Smalltalk#Code_blocks" title="Smalltalk">blocks</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

<td>Swift's anonymous functions are called Closures.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[47]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Typst

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a> v9

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Visual_Prolog" title="Visual Prolog">Visual Prolog</a> v 7.2

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>

</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Y

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">N

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_anonymous_functions">Examples of anonymous functions</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Examples_of_anonymous_functions" title="Examples of anonymous functions">Examples of anonymous functions</a></div>

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<ul><li><a href="First-class_function" title="First-class function">First-class function</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambda_calculus_definition" title="Lambda calculus definition">Lambda calculus definition</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnyouahaskell.com/higher-order-functions">"Higher order functions"</a>. learnyouahaskell.com. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFernandez2009" class="citation cs2">Fernandez, Maribel (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPFsnzzebhQC&pg=PA33">Models of Computation: An Introduction to Computability Theory</a>, Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 33, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781848824348</bdi>, <q>The Lambda calculus ... was introduced by Alonzo Church in the 1930s as a precise notation for a theory of anonymous functions</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions">"Arrow function expressions - JavaScript"</a>. MDN. Retrieved August 21, 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05rm/html/RM-3-10.html#S0082">"Access Types"</a>. www.adaic.org. Retrieved 2024-06-27.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/spencertipping/bash-lambda">"Bash lambda"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. 2019-03-08.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBillWagner" class="citation web cs1">BillWagner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/operators/lambda-expressions">"Lambda expressions - C# reference"</a>. docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</cite>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltics.co.nz/blog/?p=48">Anonymous Methods - When Should They Be Used?</a> (blog about anonymous function in Delphi)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takipiblog.com/2014/01/16/compiling-lambda-expressions-scala-vs-java-8/">Compiling Lambda Expressions: Scala vs. Java 8</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308090330/http://webwidetutor.com/php/php-anonymous-functions-?id=12">php anonymous functions</a> php anonymous functions</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dobegin.com/lambda-functions-everywhere/">Lambda functions in various programming languages</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314153037/https://learngolangonline.com/functions">Functions in Go</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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